美国大气挥发性有机物控制历程及对中国的启示

鉴于大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)对中国区域大气复合污染的重要影响,基于大量文献调研,从政策、法律法规、标准和管理手段等方面系统梳理了美国VOCs的控制历程,并从VOCs总量削减和O3浓度变化等角度评估了控制效果.研究表明:美国的VOCs控制体系是卓有成效的,1970年-2010年间共削减VOCs 1 551.4万吨,降幅为50.6％;而且,通过控制VOCs的排放实现了对臭氧(O3)污染协同控制的初衰.该研究结果对中国VOCs控制具有重要借鉴意义.     

云南NGO环境保护公众参与可行性浅析

通过对云南省部分环境非政府组织(以下简称NGO)开展的"环境影响评价中的公众参与"问卷调查及十二个NGO的座谈,了解近年来一些云南NGO对我省环保关注和参与情况,以及参与过程中存在的障碍与不足,探索NGO如何可持续发展地参与环保,并探析新修订的环境保护法背景下我省NGO参与环保的有效途径。     

Pre‐Development Groundwater Conditions Surrounding Memphis,Tennessee: Controversy and Unexpected Outcomes

Reliance on groundwater resources by differing governing bodies can create transboundary disputes raising questions of ownership and apportionment as the resource becomes strained through overuse or threatened by contamination. Transboundary disputes exist at varying scales, from conflicts between countries to smaller disputes between intrastate jurisdictions. In 2005 within the United States, the State of Mississippi filed a lawsuit against its political neighbor and their utility, the City of Memphis and Memphis Light, Gas, and Water, for groundwater deemed owned by the State of Mississippi to be wrongfully diverted across the state line and into Tennessee by the defendants. The basis of the lawsuit was potentiometric maps of groundwater levels for the Memphis aquifer that showed under suggested pre‐development conditions no flow occurring across the Mississippi‐Tennessee state line, but subsequent historic potentiometric maps show a cone of depression under the City of Memphis with a clear northwesterly gradient from Mississippi into Tennessee. The suggested pre‐development conditions were derived from limited groundwater level observations between 41 and 74 years post‐development. A new pre‐development map is constructed using historic records that range 0‐17 years post‐development that shows the natural flow is northwesterly from Mississippi into Tennessee and transboundary groundwater quantities have actually decreased since pre‐development conditions.     

台湾地区VOCs污染控制法规、政策和标准

台湾地区已经制定了比较完善的挥发性有机物（VOCs）控制法规、政策和标准体系,并在VOCs控制方面取得了很好的效果.本文对台湾地区涉及VOCs控制的政策框架,包括行政管制措施和经济奖惩制度进行了完整的总结和分析,对我国大陆地区VOCs控制政策的制定和实施具有重要的参考价值.     

中美石油资源法律制度比较研究

石油和天然气是国民经济运行与发展的“血液”，但出于种种原因，我国目前尚未出台专门规范整个油气行业领域的《石油天然气法》，只有一些位阶较低、效力有限的行政性规章与政策。通过研究美国石油天然气法律的具体制度安排，结合我国油气资源的现行制度与政策，为我国油气资源法律制度的完善提出建议。     

预抽煤层瓦斯区域防突效果检验指标临界值研究

瓦斯突出危险性预测是防治煤与瓦斯突出的关键环节,瓦斯突出预测指标的临界值是决定区域防突是否达标的重要参数。为了确定寺河矿西井区3号煤层的区域预抽后煤层瓦斯防突效果评价指标体系,以瓦斯突出综合作用假说为基础,通过现场采取原始煤样,并在密封煤样罐内达到吸附平衡,测定残余瓦斯含量和残余瓦斯压力的关系,研究了原煤瓦斯含量与瓦斯压力的关系及原煤中水分的对其影响规律,提出始突瓦斯压力对应的瓦斯含量作为评价指标的临界值为10 m3/t,并通过现场跟踪考察对得出的瓦斯含量临界值的可靠性进行了现场验证,结果表明,10 m3/t作为区域防突效果评价的临界指标是可靠的。     

Modeling Stream Shade: Riparian Buffer Height and Density as Important as Buffer Width1

DeWalle, David R., 2010. Modeling Stream Shade: Riparian Buffer Height and Density as Important as Buffer Width. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(2):323-333. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00423.x Abstract: A theoretical model was developed to explore impacts of varying buffer zone characteristics on shading of small streams using a path-length form of Beer’s law to represent the transmission of direct beam solar radiation through vegetation. Impacts of varying buffer zone height, width, and radiation extinction coefficients (surrogate for buffer density) on shading were determined for E-W and N-S stream azimuths in infinitely long stream sections at 40°N on the summer solstice. Increases in buffer width produced little additional shading beyond buffer widths of 6-7 m for E-W streams due to shifts in solar beam pathway from the sides to the tops of the buffers. Buffers on the north bank of E-W streams produced 30% of daily shade, while the south-bank buffer produced 70% of total daily shade. For N-S streams an optimum buffer width was less-clearly defined, but a buffer width of about 18-20 m produced about 85-90% of total predicted shade. The model results supported past field studies showing buffer widths of 9-11 m were sufficient for stream temperature control. Regardless of stream azimuth, increases in buffer height and extinction coefficient (buffer density) were found to substantially increase shading up to the maximum tree height and stand density likely encountered in the field. Model results suggest that at least 80% shade on small streams up to 6-m wide can be achieved in mid-latitudes with relatively narrow 12-m wide buffers, regardless of stream azimuth, as long as buffers are tall (≈30 m) and dense (leaf area index ≈6). Although wide buffers may be preferred to provide other benefits, results suggest that increasing buffer widths beyond about 12 m will have a limited effect on stream shade at mid-latitudes and that greater emphasis should be placed on the creation of dense, tall buffers to maximize stream shading.     

乌鲁木齐市环境执法存在的问题和对策分析

环境执法难、难执法的现象在我国普遍存在,本文结合乌鲁木齐市环境行政执法的现状,总结和分析了环境执法中所存在的问题及影响执法难的原因,并提出了进一步强化环境执法的对策和建议。     

传播介质特性对爆破振动衰减规律的影响

以《工程岩体分级标准》为依据,量化作为爆破地震波载体的传播介质的特性,并采用离散单元法分析爆破地震波在传播介质中的衰减过程。数值模拟过程中详细阐述了爆破荷载、介质阻尼及相关参数的确定方法,分析了传播介质特性对爆破振动速度衰减规律及萨道夫斯公式中K、α值的影响。研究表明,在爆破荷载作用下,近距范围内爆破振动速度迅速衰减,中远距范围内爆破振动速度衰减趋缓;传播介质为Ⅰ~Ⅲ级岩体时,随着岩体质量降低,K值有增大趋势,对于Ⅳ~Ⅴ级岩体,K值变化没有明确的规律;α值总体上具有随岩体质量降低而增大的趋势,K、α值具有与爆破振动速度近似相同的增减关系。     

电力节能减排法规体系建设思考

简述了中国环保法规建设的发展和现状，重点分析了电力SO2排放控制的法规、行政要求；介绍了电力行业供电煤耗、烟气脱硫、脱硝、废水排放等节能减排成效。对法律间存在的不够协调，法律与法规、法规与规章之间缺乏一致性、配套性以及法律本身存在的不明确、操作性不强等问题，从改革发展、体制变化、环境性质、基础研究等方面进行了分析：重点对项目环评、规划环评、工频电磁场、火电厂脱硫、排污收费、污染物总量控制、区域限批等要求进行了初步分析，并提出了相关建议。